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1.1Michael Berenbaum, After Tragedy and Triumph (Cambridge: 1990), 45.

1 In this text, Nazi holocaust signals the actual historical event, The Holocaust its ideological representation .

2 . For Wiesel's shameful record of apologetics on behalf of Israel, see Norman G. Finkelstein and Ruth Bettina Birn, A Nation on Trial: The Goldhagen Thesis and Historical Truth (New York: 1998), 91n83, 96n90. His record Òelsewhere is no better. In a new memoir, And the Sea Is Never Full (New York: 1999), Wiesel offers this incredible explanation for his silence on Palestinian suffering: "In spite of considerable pressure, I have refused to take a public stand in the Israeli Arab conflict" (125). In his finely detailed survey of Holocaust literature, literary critic lrving Howe dispatched Wiesel's vast corpus in one lone paragraph with the faint praise that "Elie Wiesel's first book, Night, [is] written simply and without rhetorical indulgence." "There has been nothing worth reading since Night," literary critic Alfred Kazin agrees. "Elie is now all actor. He described himself to me as a 'lecturer in anguish."' (Irving Howe, "Writing and the Holocaust," in New Republic [27 October 1986]; Alfred Kazin, A Lifetime Burning in Every Moment [New York: 1996], 179 )

3 . New York: 1999. Norman Finkelstein, "Uses of the Holocaust," in London Review of Books (6 January 2000) .

4 . Novick, The Holocaust, 3 -- 6.

5 . Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: 1961). Viktor Frankl, Man's Search for Meaning (New York: 1959). Ella Lingens-Reiner, Prisoners of Fear (London: 1948).